Effect of Small Interfering RNAs on in Vitro Replication and Gene Expression of Feline Coronavirus

Feline corononavirus (FCoV) infection is ubiquitous in domestic cat populations worldwide and is usually associated with subclinical or mild enteritis. However, in some cats infection may result in the development of a fatal progressive disease called feline infectious peritonitis (FIP). FIP is considered to be the major cause of infectious-related death in pet cats. Currently, there is no protective vaccine or curative treatment to this highly fatal disease. In this study, we evaluated the ability of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) to inhibit the in vitro viral replication and gene expression of FCoV as a potential treatment for FIP. Five synthetic siRNAs were designed to target different regions of the FCoV genome. The siRNAs were tested individually and in various combinations in vitro for their antiviral effects against 2 strains of FCoV (feline infectious peritonitis virus WSU 79-1146 and feline enteric coronavirus WSU 79-1683). Tested combinations targeted the FCoV leader and 3′ untranslated region; FCoV leader region and nucleocapsid gene; and FCoV leader, 3′ untranslated region, and nucleocapsid gene. For each test condition, assessments included relative quantification of the inhibition of intracellular viral genomic RNA synthesis by means of real-time, reverse-transcription Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis; flow cytometric evaluation of the reduction of viral protein expression in infected cells; and assessment of virus replication inhibition via titration of extracellular virus with a 50% tissue culture infective dose (TCID50) assay. The 5 siRNAs had variable inhibitory effects on FCoV when used singly. Combinations of siRNAs that targeted different regions of the viral genome resulted in more effective viral inhibition than did individual siRNAs that targeted a single gene. The tested siRNA combinations resulted in approximately 95% reduction in viral replication (based on virus titration results), compared with findings in negative control non-targeting siRNA-treated FCoV-infected cells. This study shows that FCoV replication can be specifically inhibited by siRNAs that target coding and noncoding regions of the viral genome, suggesting a potential therapeutic application of RNA interference in treatment of feline infectious peritonitis

LEGAL ENFORCEMENT OF LAND FUNCTION CONVERSION (CASE STUDY IN KUNINGAN DISTRICT)

Kuningan District has enacted the Regional Regulation of the RTRW which is a guideline in establishing the Long Term Development Plan (RPJP) and the Medium Term Development Plan (RPJM), with the main objective of supporting Kuningan as an Agriculture and Tourism-based Conservation District. However, at the level of policy implementation, there is a tendency for violations of land use change. The issues discussed are how to implement law enforcement against violations of land use change, and what factors influence the law enforcement process. This research is non-doctrinal research methods with a socio-legal approach. The results of the study explain that the law on spatial planning and regional regulations concerning the RTRW has regulated the law enforcement mechanism both with administrative sanctions, civil sanctions and criminal sanctions. It's just that the sanctions that have been formulated in the law, the implementation is not optimal. Some factors that influence are economic, political and cultural factors. For this reason, it is necessary to carry out the reconstruction of regional policies in the spatial sector so that regulations and law enforcement can function optimally. Keywords: RTRW, land use transfer, law enforcement,

CORRUPTION POTENCIES IN LAND USE POLICY (A Case Study in Kuningan Regency)

The occurrence of land use at a policy area in the field of land use causes some law problems. It relates to the licensing mechanism that has not been optimal yet. As the result of the policy is that society suffers loss due to inconsistent policy. The problems of this research are how the implementation of a policy in the field of land use is, what factors are causing the policy that led to the change of land use, and whether or not a policy that harms society can be classified in to a corruption act. This research is normative legal research and the approach used is qualitative.The potency of corruption can occur when there are the growth and development actions especially relating to the economy that has been running fast, and cause various changes. Local government’s policy in the field of land use by giving loose and ease in licensing is an activity which potentially causes corruption. Keywords : policy, land use, corruption potenc

MANAJEMEN PEMBERDAYAAN SUMBER DAYA MANUSIA ALUMNI PONDOK PESANTREN

Dalam lembaga pendidikan, pemberdayaan memegang peranan penting yang sangat meningkatkan sumber daya manusia. Sebagai pemangku kepentingan di sekolah, alumni memberikan kontribusi yang signifikan terhadap manajemen, peningkatan sumber daya manusia, sistem kepemimpinan, dan efektivitas organisasi. Salah satu caranya adalah dengan memberikan pengaruh lebih besar kepada lulusan Pondok Pesantren Al Madina untuk meningkatkan taraf sumber daya manusia. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui lebih jauh bagaimana manajemen pemberdayaan alumni mempengaruhi kemampuan Pondok Pesantren Al Madina dalam mengembangkan sumber daya manusianya. Penelitian ini menggunakan metodologi deskriptif kualitatif dan pengumpulan data melalui wawancara, angket, observasi, dan dokumentasi terhadap lulusan Pondok Pesantren Al Madina yang menjadi sukarelawan. Sumber utama dan sekunder penelitian ini berasal dari penelitian lapangan

A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF SPATIAL POLICY IN INDONESIA AND THE NETHERLANDS

Spatial planning policy in Indonesia is not effectively implemented due to land conversions and other problems. This occurs since the spatial planning policy is sectoral especially since the enactment of regional autonomy. This research accordingly tries to explain how the management of spatial policy in Indonesia compared to the Netherlands. The method used was juridical normative. The results of the research showed that in its implementation of spatial policy in Indonesia, regional governments have the authority to make their own policy. Nevertheless, the spatial policy in the Netherlands is based on efforts to improve and secure accessible space with the first priority on users. Therefore, although the spatial policy is based on the community participation, the control remains on the Central Government’s hand. In conclusion, it takes comprehensive measures and social participation to formulate spatial policy. Keywords: comparative law, policy, spatial plannin

Rapid and sensitive insulated isothermal PCR for point-of-need feline leukaemia virus detection

Objectives: Feline leukaemia virus (FeLV), a gamma retrovirus, causes diseases of the feline haematopoietic system that are invariably fatal. Rapid and accurate testing at the point-of-need (PON) supports prevention of virus spread and management of clinical disease. This study evaluated the performance of an insulated isothermal PCR (iiPCR) that detects proviral DNA, and a reverse transcription (RT)-iiPCR that detects both viral RNA and proviral DNA, for FeLV detection at the PON. Methods: Mycoplasma haemofelis, feline coronavirus, feline herpesvirus, feline calicivirus and feline immunodeficiency virus were used to test analytical specificity. In vitro transcribed RNA, artificial plasmid, FeLV strain American Type Culture Collection VR-719 and a clinical FeLV isolate were used in the analytical sensitivity assays. A retrospective study including 116 clinical plasma and serum samples that had been tested with virus isolation, real-time PCR and ELISA, and a prospective study including 150 clinical plasma and serum samples were implemented to evaluate the clinical performances of the iiPCR-based methods for FeLV detection. Results: Ninety-five percent assay limit of detection was calculated to be 16 RNA and five DNA copies for the RT-iiPCR, and six DNA copies for the iiPCR. Both reactions had analytical sensitivity comparable to a reference real-time PCR (qPCR) and did not detect five non-target feline pathogens. The clinical performance of the RT-iiPCR and iiPCR had 98.82% agreement (kappa[κ] = 0.97) and 100% agreement (κ = 1.0), respectively, with the qPCR (n = 85). The agreement between an automatic nucleic extraction/RT-iiPCR system and virus isolation to detect FeLV in plasma or serum was 95.69% (κ = 0.95) and 98.67% (κ = 0.85) in a retrospective (n = 116) and a prospective (n = 150) study, respectively. Conclusions and relevance: These results suggested that both RT-iiPCR and iiPCR assays can serve as reliable tools for PON FeLV detection

Antimicrobial resistance among migrants in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are rising globally and there is concern that increased migration is contributing to the burden of antibiotic resistance in Europe. However, the effect of migration on the burden of AMR in Europe has not yet been comprehensively examined. Therefore, we did a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify and synthesise data for AMR carriage or infection in migrants to Europe to examine differences in patterns of AMR across migrant groups and in different settings. METHODS: For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, and Scopus with no language restrictions from Jan 1, 2000, to Jan 18, 2017, for primary data from observational studies reporting antibacterial resistance in common bacterial pathogens among migrants to 21 European Union-15 and European Economic Area countries. To be eligible for inclusion, studies had to report data on carriage or infection with laboratory-confirmed antibiotic-resistant organisms in migrant populations. We extracted data from eligible studies and assessed quality using piloted, standardised forms. We did not examine drug resistance in tuberculosis and excluded articles solely reporting on this parameter. We also excluded articles in which migrant status was determined by ethnicity, country of birth of participants' parents, or was not defined, and articles in which data were not disaggregated by migrant status. Outcomes were carriage of or infection with antibiotic-resistant organisms. We used random-effects models to calculate the pooled prevalence of each outcome. The study protocol is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42016043681. FINDINGS: We identified 2274 articles, of which 23 observational studies reporting on antibiotic resistance in 2319 migrants were included. The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or AMR infection in migrants was 25·4% (95% CI 19·1-31·8; I2 =98%), including meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (7·8%, 4·8-10·7; I2 =92%) and antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (27·2%, 17·6-36·8; I2 =94%). The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or infection was higher in refugees and asylum seekers (33·0%, 18·3-47·6; I2 =98%) than in other migrant groups (6·6%, 1·8-11·3; I2 =92%). The pooled prevalence of antibiotic-resistant organisms was slightly higher in high-migrant community settings (33·1%, 11·1-55·1; I2 =96%) than in migrants in hospitals (24·3%, 16·1-32·6; I2 =98%). We did not find evidence of high rates of transmission of AMR from migrant to host populations. INTERPRETATION: Migrants are exposed to conditions favouring the emergence of drug resistance during transit and in host countries in Europe. Increased antibiotic resistance among refugees and asylum seekers and in high-migrant community settings (such as refugee camps and detention facilities) highlights the need for improved living conditions, access to health care, and initiatives to facilitate detection of and appropriate high-quality treatment for antibiotic-resistant infections during transit and in host countries. Protocols for the prevention and control of infection and for antibiotic surveillance need to be integrated in all aspects of health care, which should be accessible for all migrant groups, and should target determinants of AMR before, during, and after migration. FUNDING: UK National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, Imperial College Healthcare Charity, the Wellcome Trust, and UK National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare-associated Infections and Antimictobial Resistance at Imperial College London

Surgical site infection after gastrointestinal surgery in high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries: a prospective, international, multicentre cohort study

Background: Surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the most common infections associated with health care, but its importance as a global health priority is not fully understood. We quantified the burden of SSI after gastrointestinal surgery in countries in all parts of the world. Methods: This international, prospective, multicentre cohort study included consecutive patients undergoing elective or emergency gastrointestinal resection within 2-week time periods at any health-care facility in any country. Countries with participating centres were stratified into high-income, middle-income, and low-income groups according to the UN's Human Development Index (HDI). Data variables from the GlobalSurg 1 study and other studies that have been found to affect the likelihood of SSI were entered into risk adjustment models. The primary outcome measure was the 30-day SSI incidence (defined by US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria for superficial and deep incisional SSI). Relationships with explanatory variables were examined using Bayesian multilevel logistic regression models. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02662231. Findings: Between Jan 4, 2016, and July 31, 2016, 13 265 records were submitted for analysis. 12 539 patients from 343 hospitals in 66 countries were included. 7339 (58·5%) patient were from high-HDI countries (193 hospitals in 30 countries), 3918 (31·2%) patients were from middle-HDI countries (82 hospitals in 18 countries), and 1282 (10·2%) patients were from low-HDI countries (68 hospitals in 18 countries). In total, 1538 (12·3%) patients had SSI within 30 days of surgery. The incidence of SSI varied between countries with high (691 [9·4%] of 7339 patients), middle (549 [14·0%] of 3918 patients), and low (298 [23·2%] of 1282) HDI (p < 0·001). The highest SSI incidence in each HDI group was after dirty surgery (102 [17·8%] of 574 patients in high-HDI countries; 74 [31·4%] of 236 patients in middle-HDI countries; 72 [39·8%] of 181 patients in low-HDI countries). Following risk factor adjustment, patients in low-HDI countries were at greatest risk of SSI (adjusted odds ratio 1·60, 95% credible interval 1·05–2·37; p=0·030). 132 (21·6%) of 610 patients with an SSI and a microbiology culture result had an infection that was resistant to the prophylactic antibiotic used. Resistant infections were detected in 49 (16·6%) of 295 patients in high-HDI countries, in 37 (19·8%) of 187 patients in middle-HDI countries, and in 46 (35·9%) of 128 patients in low-HDI countries (p < 0·001). Interpretation: Countries with a low HDI carry a disproportionately greater burden of SSI than countries with a middle or high HDI and might have higher rates of antibiotic resistance. In view of WHO recommendations on SSI prevention that highlight the absence of high-quality interventional research, urgent, pragmatic, randomised trials based in LMICs are needed to assess measures aiming to reduce this preventable complication

Reducing the environmental impact of surgery on a global scale: systematic review and co-prioritization with healthcare workers in 132 countries

Abstract Background Healthcare cannot achieve net-zero carbon without addressing operating theatres. The aim of this study was to prioritize feasible interventions to reduce the environmental impact of operating theatres. Methods This study adopted a four-phase Delphi consensus co-prioritization methodology. In phase 1, a systematic review of published interventions and global consultation of perioperative healthcare professionals were used to longlist interventions. In phase 2, iterative thematic analysis consolidated comparable interventions into a shortlist. In phase 3, the shortlist was co-prioritized based on patient and clinician views on acceptability, feasibility, and safety. In phase 4, ranked lists of interventions were presented by their relevance to high-income countries and low–middle-income countries. Results In phase 1, 43 interventions were identified, which had low uptake in practice according to 3042 professionals globally. In phase 2, a shortlist of 15 intervention domains was generated. In phase 3, interventions were deemed acceptable for more than 90 per cent of patients except for reducing general anaesthesia (84 per cent) and re-sterilization of ‘single-use’ consumables (86 per cent). In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for high-income countries were: introducing recycling; reducing use of anaesthetic gases; and appropriate clinical waste processing. In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for low–middle-income countries were: introducing reusable surgical devices; reducing use of consumables; and reducing the use of general anaesthesia. Conclusion This is a step toward environmentally sustainable operating environments with actionable interventions applicable to both high– and low–middle–income countries

An Innovative Vision to Activate the Aesthetics of Glass Ornaments in Ladies' Printed Fabrics Design

The use of glass ornaments was associated with the discovery of glass by ancient Egyptians. It was used extensively for various adorning purposes as an alternative to other types of precious jewels. Over the centuries and human arts evolution in various civilizations, the glass ornaments industry spreaded all over the world and each region was characterized by its own styles in the manufacture of these pieces. The glass ornaments were also characterized by their variety in terms of form, function as well as the different technical methods in their implementation. By this technological development, this art has grown tremendously and has many aesthetics that have a great impact on the forms of glass ornaments in the context of their influence by the various plastic arts, which can be used to enrich the field of ladies' printed fabrics design as appropriate to different formation styles.   Ø Research problem: - Despite the richness of glass ornaments in various arts, it has not received enough technical studies that reveal its aesthetics and how to use them to create designs suitable for printing ladies' fabrics. Research Goal: - Studying the historical evolution of glass ornaments in various arts to determine the most important aesthetics and the extent to which they can be used in ladies' printed fabrics design. Research hypothesis: - The study of the historical evolution of glass ornaments in various arts to determine their aesthetics helps in reaching innovative solutions to enrich the field of ladies' printed fabrics design.